GNU Emacs Manual - Coding Systems

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## Coding Systems

Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses.

Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; their names usually start with ``iso'`. There are also special coding systems `no-conversion`, `raw-text` and `emacs-mule` which do not convert printing characters at all.

In addition to converting various representations of non-ASCII characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return.

`C-h C coding `RET``
  Describe coding system coding.
`C-h C `RET``
  Describe the coding systems currently in use.
`M-x list-coding-systems`
  Display a list of all the supported coding systems.

The command `C-h C` (`describe-coding-system`) displays information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding system name as argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list for recognizing coding systems (see section Recognizing Coding Systems).

To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type `M-x list-coding-systems`. The list gives information about each coding system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line (see section The Mode Line).

Each of the coding systems that appear in this list--except for `no-conversion`, which means no conversion of any kind--specifies how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used.

Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion:

`...-unix`
  Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used on Unix and GNU systems.)
`...-dos`
  Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on Microsoft systems.(4))
`...-mac`
  Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the Macintosh system.)

These variant coding systems are omitted from the `list-coding-systems` display for brevity, since they are entirely predictable. For example, the coding system `iso-latin-1` has variants `iso-latin-1-unix`, `iso-latin-1-dos` and `iso-latin-1-mac`.

The coding system `raw-text` is good for a file which is mainly ASCII text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to encode non-ASCII characters. With `raw-text`, Emacs copies those byte values unchanged, and sets `enable-multibyte-characters` to `nil` in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted properly. `raw-text` handles end-of-line conversion in the usual way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use.

In contrast, the coding system `no-conversion` specifies no character code conversion at all--none for non-ASCII byte values and none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, too, sets `enable-multibyte-characters` to `nil`.

The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with the `M-x find-file-literally` command. This uses `no-conversion`, and also suppresses other Emacs features that might convert the file contents before you see them. See section Visiting Files.

The coding system `emacs-mule` means that the file contains non-ASCII characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion.

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