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By default, file timestamps are listed in abbreviated form. Most locales use a timestamp like `2002-03-30 23:45'. However, the default POSIX locale uses a date like `Mar 30 2002' for non-recent timestamps, and a date-without-year and time like `Mar 30 23:45' for recent timestamps.
A timestamp is considered to be recent if it is less than six
months old, and is not dated in the future. If a timestamp dated
today is not listed in recent form, the timestamp is in the future,
which means you probably have clock skew problems which may break
programs like make
that rely on file timestamps.
The following option changes how file timestamps are printed.
date
(see section 21.1 date
: Print or set system date and time).
For example, `--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:S"' causes
ls
to list timestamps like `2002-03-30 23:45:56'. As
with date
, format's interpretation is affected by the
LC_TIME
locale category.
If format contains two format strings separated by a newline, the former is used for non-recent files and the latter for recent files; if you want output columns to line up, you may need to insert spaces in one of the two formats.
This is useful because the time output includes all the information that
is available from the operating system. For example, this can help
explain make
's behavior, since GNU make
uses the full timestamp to determine whether a file is out of date.
ls
output fit within traditional 80-column output lines.
The following two ls
invocations are equivalent:
newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%Y-%m-%d $newline%m-%d %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="iso" |
The LC_TIME
locale category specifies the timestamp format. The
default POSIX locale uses timestamps like `Mar 30 2002' and `Mar 30 23:45'; in this locale, the following two
ls
invocations are equivalent:
newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%b %e %Y$newline%b %e %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="locale" |
Other locales behave differently. For example, in a German locale, `--time-style="locale"' might be equivalent to `--time-style="+%e. %b %Y $newline%e. %b %H:%M"' and might generate timestamps like `30. Mär 2002 ' and `30. Mär 23:45'.
LC_TIME
locale
category is POSIX, style timestamps otherwise. For
example, the default style, which is `posix-long-iso', lists
timestamps like `Mar 30 2002' and `Mar 30 23:45' when in
the POSIX locale, and like `2002-03-30 23:45' otherwise.
You can specify the default value of the `--time-style' option
with the environment variable TIME_STYLE
; if TIME_STYLE
is not set
the default style is `posix-long-iso'. GNU Emacs 21 and
later can parse ISO dates, but older Emacs versions do not, so if
you are using an older version of Emacs and specify a non-POSIX
locale, you may need to set `TIME_STYLE="locale"'.
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