When writing the X/Open Portability Guide the authors realized that the
localeconv
function is not enough to provide reasonable access to
locale information. The information which was meant to be available
in the locale (as later specified in the POSIX.1 standard) requires more
ways to access it. Therefore the nl_langinfo
function
was introduced.
nl_langinfo
function can be used to access individual
elements of the locale categories. Unlike the localeconv
function, which returns all the information, nl_langinfo
lets the caller select what information it requires. This is very
fast and it is not a problem to call this function multiple times.
A second advantage is that in addition to the numeric and monetary
formatting information, information from the
LC_TIME
and LC_MESSAGES
categories is available.
The type nl_type
is defined in `nl_types.h'. The argument
item is a numeric value defined in the header `langinfo.h'.
The X/Open standard defines the following values:
CODESET
nl_langinfo
returns a string with the name of the coded character
set used in the selected locale.
ABDAY_1
ABDAY_2
ABDAY_3
ABDAY_4
ABDAY_5
ABDAY_6
ABDAY_7
nl_langinfo
returns the abbreviated weekday name. ABDAY_1
corresponds to Sunday.
DAY_1
DAY_2
DAY_3
DAY_4
DAY_5
DAY_6
DAY_7
ABDAY_1
etc., but here the return value is the
unabbreviated weekday name.
ABMON_1
ABMON_2
ABMON_3
ABMON_4
ABMON_5
ABMON_6
ABMON_7
ABMON_8
ABMON_9
ABMON_10
ABMON_11
ABMON_12
ABMON_1
corresponds to January.
MON_1
MON_2
MON_3
MON_4
MON_5
MON_6
MON_7
MON_8
MON_9
MON_10
MON_11
MON_12
ABMON_1
etc., but here the month names are not abbreviated.
Here the first value MON_1
also corresponds to January.
AM_STR
PM_STR
D_T_FMT
strftime
to
represent time and date in a locale-specific way.
D_FMT
strftime
to
represent a date in a locale-specific way.
T_FMT
strftime
to
represent time in a locale-specific way.
T_FMT_AMPM
strftime
to
represent time in the am/pm format.
Note that if the am/pm format does not make any sense for the
selected locale, the return value might be the same as the one for
T_FMT
.
ERA
E
modifier in their format strings causes the
strftime
functions to use this information. The format of the
returned string is not specified, and therefore you should not assume
knowledge of it on different systems.
ERA_YEAR
ERA
it should not be necessary to use this value directly.
ERA_D_T_FMT
strftime
to
represent dates and times in a locale-specific era-based way.
ERA_D_FMT
strftime
to
represent a date in a locale-specific era-based way.
ERA_T_FMT
strftime
to
represent time in a locale-specific era-based way.
ALT_DIGITS
ERA
this
value is not intended to be used directly, but instead indirectly
through the strftime
function. When the modifier O
is
used in a format which would otherwise use numerals to represent hours,
minutes, seconds, weekdays, months, or weeks, the appropriate value for
the locale is used instead.
INT_CURR_SYMBOL
localeconv
in the
int_curr_symbol
element of the struct lconv
.
CURRENCY_SYMBOL
CRNCYSTR
localeconv
in the
currency_symbol
element of the struct lconv
.
CRNCYSTR
is a deprecated alias still required by Unix98.
MON_DECIMAL_POINT
localeconv
in the
mon_decimal_point
element of the struct lconv
.
MON_THOUSANDS_SEP
localeconv
in the
mon_thousands_sep
element of the struct lconv
.
MON_GROUPING
localeconv
in the
mon_grouping
element of the struct lconv
.
POSITIVE_SIGN
localeconv
in the
positive_sign
element of the struct lconv
.
NEGATIVE_SIGN
localeconv
in the
negative_sign
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_FRAC_DIGITS
localeconv
in the
int_frac_digits
element of the struct lconv
.
FRAC_DIGITS
localeconv
in the
frac_digits
element of the struct lconv
.
P_CS_PRECEDES
localeconv
in the
p_cs_precedes
element of the struct lconv
.
P_SEP_BY_SPACE
localeconv
in the
p_sep_by_space
element of the struct lconv
.
N_CS_PRECEDES
localeconv
in the
n_cs_precedes
element of the struct lconv
.
N_SEP_BY_SPACE
localeconv
in the
n_sep_by_space
element of the struct lconv
.
P_SIGN_POSN
localeconv
in the
p_sign_posn
element of the struct lconv
.
N_SIGN_POSN
localeconv
in the
n_sign_posn
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_P_CS_PRECEDES
localeconv
in the
int_p_cs_precedes
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_P_SEP_BY_SPACE
localeconv
in the
int_p_sep_by_space
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_N_CS_PRECEDES
localeconv
in the
int_n_cs_precedes
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_N_SEP_BY_SPACE
localeconv
in the
int_n_sep_by_space
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_P_SIGN_POSN
localeconv
in the
int_p_sign_posn
element of the struct lconv
.
INT_N_SIGN_POSN
localeconv
in the
int_n_sign_posn
element of the struct lconv
.
DECIMAL_POINT
RADIXCHAR
localeconv
in the
decimal_point
element of the struct lconv
.
The name RADIXCHAR
is a deprecated alias still used in Unix98.
THOUSANDS_SEP
THOUSEP
localeconv
in the
thousands_sep
element of the struct lconv
.
The name THOUSEP
is a deprecated alias still used in Unix98.
GROUPING
localeconv
in the
grouping
element of the struct lconv
.
YESEXPR
regex
function to recognize a positive response to a yes/no
question.
NOEXPR
regex
function to recognize a negative response to a yes/no
question.
YESSTR
NOSTR
YESSTR
is also true here.
The use of this symbol is deprecated. Instead message translation
should be used.
The file `langinfo.h' defines a lot more symbols but none of them is official. Using them is not portable, and the format of the return values might change. Therefore we recommended you not use them.
Note that the return value for any valid argument can be used for
in all situations (with the possible exception of the am/pm time formatting
codes). If the user has not selected any locale for the
appropriate category, nl_langinfo
returns the information from the
"C"
locale. It is therefore possible to use this function as
shown in the example below.
If the argument item is not valid, a pointer to an empty string is returned.
An example of nl_langinfo
usage is a function which has to
print a given date and time in a locale-specific way. At first one
might think that, since strftime
internally uses the locale
information, writing something like the following is enough:
size_t i18n_time_n_data (char *s, size_t len, const struct tm *tp) { return strftime (s, len, "%X %D", tp); }
The format contains no weekday or month names and therefore is
internationally usable. Wrong! The output produced is something like
"hh:mm:ss MM/DD/YY"
. This format is only recognizable in the
USA. Other countries use different formats. Therefore the function
should be rewritten like this:
size_t i18n_time_n_data (char *s, size_t len, const struct tm *tp) { return strftime (s, len, nl_langinfo (D_T_FMT), tp); }
Now it uses the date and time format of the locale selected when the program runs. If the user selects the locale correctly there should never be a misunderstanding over the time and date format.
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