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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Common options
2.1 Backup options
2.2 Block size
2.3 Target directory
2.4 Trailing slashes
2.5 Standards conformance
3. Output of entire files
3.1 cat: Concatenate and write files
3.2 tac: Concatenate and write files in reverse
3.3 nl: Number lines and write files
3.4 od: Write files in octal or other formats
4. Formatting file contents
4.1 fmt: Reformat paragraph text
4.2 pr: Paginate or columnate files for printing
4.3 fold: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
5. Output of parts of files
5.1 head: Output the first part of files
5.2 tail: Output the last part of files
5.3 split: Split a file into fixed-size pieces
5.4 csplit: Split a file into context-determined pieces
6. Summarizing files
6.1 wc: Print byte, word, and line counts
6.2 sum: Print checksum and block counts
6.3 cksum: Print CRC checksum and byte counts
6.4 md5sum: Print or check message-digests
7. Operating on sorted files
7.1 sort: Sort text files
7.2 uniq: Uniquify files
7.3 comm: Compare two sorted files line by line
7.4 tsort: Topological sort
7.5 tsort: Background
7.6 ptx: Produce permuted indexes
7.6.1 General options
7.6.2 Charset selection
7.6.3 Word selection and input processing
7.6.4 Output formatting
7.6.5 The GNU extensions to ptx
8. Operating on fields within a line
8.1 cut: Print selected parts of lines
8.2 paste: Merge lines of files
8.3 join: Join lines on a common field
9. Operating on characters
9.1 tr: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
9.1.1 Specifying sets of characters
9.1.2 Translating
9.1.3 Squeezing repeats and deleting
9.1.4 Warning messages
9.2 expand: Convert tabs to spaces
9.3 unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs
10. Directory listing
10.1 ls: List directory contents
10.1.1 Which files are listed
10.1.2 What information is listed
10.1.3 Sorting the output
10.1.4 More details about version sort
10.1.5 General output formatting
10.1.6 Formatting file timestamps
10.1.7 Formatting the file names
10.2 dir: Briefly list directory contents
10.3 vdir: Verbosely list directory contents
10.4 dircolors: Color setup for ls
11. Basic operations
11.1 cp: Copy files and directories
11.2 dd: Convert and copy a file
11.3 install: Copy files and set attributes
11.4 mv: Move (rename) files
11.5 rm: Remove files or directories
11.6 shred: Remove files more securely
12. Special file types
12.1 link: Make a hard link via the link syscall
12.2 ln: Make links between files
12.3 mkdir: Make directories
12.4 mkfifo: Make FIFOs (named pipes)
12.5 mknod: Make block or character special files
12.6 rmdir: Remove empty directories
12.7 unlink: Remove files via the unlink syscall
13. Changing file attributes
13.1 chown: Change file owner and group
13.2 chgrp: Change group ownership
13.3 chmod: Change access permissions
13.4 touch: Change file timestamps
14. Disk usage
14.1 df: Report filesystem disk space usage
14.2 du: Estimate file space usage
14.3 stat: Report file or filesystem status
14.4 sync: Synchronize data on disk with memory
15. Printing text
15.1 echo: Print a line of text
15.2 printf: Format and print data
15.3 yes: Print a string until interrupted
16. Conditions
16.1 false: Do nothing, unsuccessfully
16.2 true: Do nothing, successfully
16.3 test: Check file types and compare values
16.3.1 File type tests
16.3.2 Access permission tests
16.3.3 File characteristic tests
16.3.4 String tests
16.3.5 Numeric tests
16.3.6 Connectives for test
16.4 expr: Evaluate expressions
16.4.1 String expressions
16.4.2 Numeric expressions
16.4.3 Relations for expr
16.4.4 Examples of using expr
17. Redirection
17.1 tee: Redirect output to multiple files
18. File name manipulation
18.1 basename: Strip directory and suffix from a file name
18.2 dirname: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name
18.3 pathchk: Check file name portability
19. Working context
19.1 pwd: Print working directory
19.2 stty: Print or change terminal characteristics
19.2.1 Control settings
19.2.2 Input settings
19.2.3 Output settings
19.2.4 Local settings
19.2.5 Combination settings
19.2.6 Special characters
19.2.7 Special settings
19.3 printenv: Print all or some environment variables
19.4 tty: Print file name of terminal on standard input
20. User information
20.1 id: Print real and effective uid and gid
20.2 logname: Print current login name
20.3 whoami: Print effective user id
20.4 groups: Print group names a user is in
20.5 users: Print login names of users currently logged in
20.6 who: Print who is currently logged in
21. System context
21.1 date: Print or set system date and time
21.1.1 Time directives
21.1.2 Date directives
21.1.3 Literal directives
21.1.4 Padding
21.1.5 Setting the time
21.1.6 Options for date
21.1.7 Examples of date
21.2 uname: Print system information
21.3 hostname: Print or set system name
21.4 hostid: Print numeric host identifier.
22. Modified command invocation
22.1 chroot: Run a command with a different root directory
22.2 env: Run a command in a modified environment
22.3 nice: Run a command with modified scheduling priority
22.4 nohup: Run a command immune to hangups
22.5 su: Run a command with substitute user and group id
23. Process control
23.1 kill: Send a signal to processes
24. Delaying
24.1 sleep: Delay for a specified time
25. Numeric operations
25.1 factor: Print prime factors
25.2 seq: Print numeric sequences
26. File permissions
26.1 Structure of File Permissions
26.2 Symbolic Modes
26.2.1 Setting Permissions
26.2.2 Copying Existing Permissions
26.2.3 Changing Special Permissions
26.2.4 Conditional Executability
26.2.5 Making Multiple Changes
26.2.6 The Umask and Protection
26.3 Numeric Modes
27. Date input formats
27.1 General date syntax
27.2 Calendar date items
27.3 Time of day items
27.4 Time zone items
27.5 Day of week items
27.6 Relative items in date strings
27.7 Pure numbers in date strings
27.8 Authors of getdate
28. Opening the Software Toolbox
Toolbox Introduction
I/O Redirection
The who Command
The cut Command
The sort Command
The uniq Command
Putting the Tools Together
A. GNU Free Documentation License
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
Index


This document was generated by Jeff Bailey on December, 28 2002 using texi2html