tput and tabs
tput: Portable Terminal Control
The tput command allows shell scripts to do things like clear the
screen, underline text, and center text no matter how wide the screen
is. To do these things, it translates the terminal-independent name of
a terminal capability into its actual value for the terminal type being
used.
tput takes as an argument the name of a Unix System V terminfo
capability, which it translates into the equivalent termcap capability
name (see section Capabilities, for a list of the equivalencies).
Terminfo is a database that is similar to termcap but which has
different capability names and is stored in a different format. The GNU
tput command takes a terminfo name as an argument to make it
compatible with the Unix System V tput command.
There are three types of terminfo (and termcap) capabilities: string, Boolean, and numeric. String capabilities either cause a special effect on the terminal when they are displayed or are the value sent by a special key on the terminal (the latter type are probably of no use in shell scripts). Numeric and Boolean capabilities give information about the terminal such as how many columns wide it is or whether whether it has a meta key. See section Output and Exit Status, for more detailed information on the three types of capabilities.
The format of the tput command is illustrated below.
tput [options] capability [parameter ...] tput [options] longname tput [options] init tput [options] reset
GNU tput takes the following options:
[-T terminal-type] [--terminal=terminal-type] [-t] [--termcap] [-S] [--standard-input] [-V] [--version]
Here is an example of how to clear the terminal screen using tput:
tput clear
tput
The format of the tput command is illustrated below.
tput [options] capability [parameter ...] tput [options] longname tput [options] init tput [options] reset
GNU tput takes the following options:
[-T terminal-type] [--terminal=terminal-type] [-t] [--termcap] [-S] [--standard-input] [-V] [--version]
Some string capabilities accept parameters, such as the number of lines to delete or the column to move to. These parameters are specified on the command line following the capability name. They are always numbers.
tput by default accepts termcap name if the capability
a user specifies is not a terminfo name. This option tells
tput not to try terminfo names and look up only termcap
names.
tput to read a sequence of capabilities
and parameters from the standard input. Only string capabilities
can be used in this mode.
tput.
When `longname' is specified, tput displays the
long descriptive name for the terminal type.
When `init' is specified, tput sends the
initialization strings for the terminal. If the terminal's tab
width is other than 8, and it cannot be reset, the tab expansion
in the tty driver is turned on. Otherwise, tab width is reset to
8 and the tab expansion is turned off.
When `reset' is specified, tput sends the
reset strings for the terminal and then follows the same
initialization sequence as tput `init'.
Below are some example uses of tput. See section Capabilities, for
a complete list of the functions that tput can cause terminals to
perform. Note that not all terminals can perform any given function.
See section Yet More Examples, for some more complex samples of tput use.
The following command moves the cursor to row 10, column 30 of the screen:
tput cup 10 30
The following command makes the cursor invisible:
tput civis
The following command makes the cursor visible again:
tput cnorm
The following command deletes 10 lines below and including the one on which the cursor is positioned:
tput dl 10
The tput command produces different kinds of output for each of
the three types of terminal capabilities: string, numeric, and Boolean.
If the terminfo capability given on the command line is a string
capability, tput displays its value and exits with a status of 0.
If the capability is not defined for the terminal type being used,
tput produces no output and exits with a status of 1.
If the capability is a numeric capability, tput displays its
value (an integer). If the capability is not defined for the terminal
type being used, tput displays the value `-1'. The exit
status is always 0 for numeric capabilities, unless an error occurs
(see section Error Messages for a complete list of the possible exit status
values).
If the capability is a Boolean capability, tput produces no
output and exits with status 0 if the capability is defined for the
terminal type being used, or status 1 if the capability is not defined.
See section `Definitions of the Terminal Capabilities' in Termcap,
for a more detailed description of termcap capabilities.
The values of numeric capabilities should be saved into shell
variables so they can be used later without having to run tput
again. Here is how it can be done:
For the Bourne, Bourne-again, and Korn shells: To set an environment variable: COLUMNS=`tput cols` export COLUMNS To set a local variable: tabwidth=`tput it` For the C shell: To set an environment variable: setenv COLUMNS `tput cols` To set a local variable: set tabwidth = `tput it`
The values of string capabilities can be saved in shell variables in the
same way, then displayed later using the echo command. Since
echo is built into most shells, it runs more quickly than
tput does. However, using echo instead of tput to
display string values can cause problems for capabilities that use
padding, because null padding characters cannot be passed as arguments
to commands, including echo.
Here are some more advanced examples of using tput; most involve
some shell programming. Because the C shell's flow control (decision
making) constructs differ from those of the other shells, these
examples do not work under the C shell.
The following sequence of commands prints `I am infalible' and then crosses it out on terminals that can overstrike, and prints `I am on strike' on terminals that cannot.
if tput os; then
echo 'I am infalible\r- -- ---------'
else
echo 'I am on strike'
fi
The following example is a shell script that centers a line of text
given as command line arguments. An alternative approach would be to
have tput send the `rep' terminfo capability to print the
multiple spaces instead of using the while loop.
COLUMNS=`tput cols` export COLUMNS # Get screen width.
echo "$@" | awk '
{ spaces = ('$COLUMNS' - length) / 2
while (spaces-- > 0) printf (" ")
print
}'
The following commands cause the terminal to save the current cursor position, print `Hello, World' centered in the screen in reverse video, then return to the original cursor position.
COLUMNS=`tput cols` LINES=`tput lines` line=`expr $LINES / 2` column=`expr \( $COLUMNS - 6 \) / 2` tput sc tput cup $line $column tput rev echo 'Hello, World' tput sgr0 tput rc
The middle three lines of the above example can also be written using `--standard-input'.
tput --standard-input <<EOF sc cup $line $column rev EOF
Name Termcap Description
Equiv.
am am Has automatic margins
bw bw `cub1' wraps from column 0 to last column
chts HC Cursor is hard to see
da da Display may be retained above screen
db db Display may be retained below screen
eo eo Can erase overstrikes with a blank
eslok es Using escape on status line is ok
gn gn Generic line type (e.g., `dialup', `switch')
hc hc Hardcopy terminal
hs hs Has a status line
hz hz Hazeltine; cannot print tildes
in in Insert mode distinguishes nulls
km km Has a meta key (a shift that sets parity bit)
mc5i 5i Data sent to printer does not echo on screen
mir mi Safe to move while in insert mode
msgr ms Safe to move in standout modes
npc NP No pad character is needed
nrrmc NR `smcup' does not reverse `rmcup'
nxon nx Padding does not work; xon/xoff is required
os os Overstrikes
ul ul Underline character overstrikes
xenl xn Newline ignored after 80 columns (Concept)
xhp xs Standout is not erased by overwriting (HP)
xon xo Uses xon/xoff handshaking
xsb xb Beehive (f1=escape, f2=ctrl-c)
xt xt Tabs are destructive, magic `smso' (t1061)
Name Termcap Description
Equiv.
cols co Number of columns in a line
it it Width of initial tab settings
lh lh Number of rows in each label
lines li Number of lines on screen or page
lm lm Lines of memory if > `lines'; 0 means varies
lw lw Number of columns in each label
nlab Nl Number of labels on screen (start at 1)
pb pb Lowest baud rate where padding is needed
vt vt Virtual terminal number (CB/Unix)
wsl ws Number of columns in status line
xmc sg Number of blanks left by `smso' or `rmso'
In the following table, `(P)' following an explanation means
that the capability takes one or more parameters (and is evaluated by
the tparam function, or in the case of `cup',
tgoto); `(*)' means that padding may be based on the
number of lines affected; and `#n' refers to the `n'th
parameter.
Name Termcap Description
Equiv.
acsc ac Graphic character set pairs aAbBcC - default vt100
bel bl Ring bell (beep)
blink mb Begin blinking mode
bold md Begin double intensity mode
cbt bt Back tab
civis vi Make cursor invisible
clear cl Clear screen (*)
cmdch CC Settable command character in prototype
cnorm ve Make cursor normal (undo `cvvis' & `civis)'
cr cr Carriage return (*)
csr cs Change scrolling region to lines #1 through #2 (P)
cub LE Move cursor left #1 spaces (P)
cub1 le Move cursor left one space
cud DO Move cursor down #1 lines (P*)
cud1 do Move cursor down one line
cuf RI Move cursor right #1 spaces (P*)
cuf1 nd Move cursor right one space
cup cm Move cursor to row #1, column #2 of screen (P)
cuu UP Move cursor up #1 lines (P*)
cuu1 up Move cursor up one line
cvvis vs Make cursor very visible
dch DC Delete #1 characters (P*)
dch1 dc Delete one character (*)
dim mh Begin half intensity mode
dl DL Delete #1 lines (P*)
dl1 dl Delete one line (*)
dsl ds Disable status line
ech ec Erase #1 characters (P)
ed cd Clear to end of display (*)
el ce Clear to end of line
el1 cb Clear to beginning of line, inclusive
enacs eA Enable alternate character set
ff ff Form feed for hardcopy terminal (*)
flash vb Visible bell (must not move cursor)
fsl fs Return from status line
hd hd Move cursor down one-half line
home ho Home cursor (if no `cup')
hpa ch Move cursor to column #1 (P)
ht ta Tab to next 8 space hardware tab stop
hts st Set a tab in all rows, current column
hu hu Move cursor up one-half line
ich IC Insert #1 blank characters (P*)
ich1 ic Insert one blank character
if if Name of file containing initialization string
il AL Add #1 new blank lines (P*)
il1 al Add one new blank line (*)
ind sf Scroll forward (up) one line
indn SF Scroll forward #1 lines (P)
invis mk Begin invisible text mode
ip ip Insert pad after character inserted (*)
iprog iP Path of program for initialization
is1 i1 Terminal initialization string
is2 is Terminal initialization string
is3 i3 Terminal initialization string
kBEG &9 Shifted beginning key
kCAN &0 Shifted cancel key
kCMD *1 Shifted command key
kCPY *2 Shifted copy key
kCRT *3 Shifted create key
kDC *4 Shifted delete char key
kDL *5 Shifted delete line key
kEND *7 Shifted end key
kEOL *8 Shifted clear line key
kEXT *9 Shifted exit key
kFND *0 Shifted find key
kHLP #1 Shifted help key
kHOM #2 Shifted home key
kIC #3 Shifted input key
kLFT #4 Shifted left arrow key
kMOV %b Shifted move key
kMSG %a Shifted message key
kNXT %c Shifted next key
kOPT %d Shifted options key
kPRT %f Shifted print key
kPRV %e Shifted prev key
kRDO %g Shifted redo key
kRES %j Shifted resume key
kRIT %i Shifted right arrow
kRPL %h Shifted replace key
kSAV !1 Shifted save key
kSPD !2 Shifted suspend key
kUND !3 Shifted undo key
ka1 K1 Upper left of keypad
ka3 K3 Upper right of keypad
kb2 K2 Center of keypad
kbeg @1 Beginning key
kbs kb Backspace key
kc1 K4 Lower left of keypad
kc3 K5 Lower right of keypad
kcan @2 Cancel key
kcbt kB Back tab key
kclo @3 Close key
kclr kC Clear screen or erase key
kcmd @4 Command key
kcpy @5 Copy key
kcrt @6 Create key
kctab kt Clear tab key
kcub1 kl Left arrow key
kcud1 kd Down arrow key
kcuf1 kr Right arrow key
kcuu1 ku Up arrow key
kdch1 kD Delete character key
kdl1 kL Delete line key
ked kS Clear to end of screen key
kel kE Clear to end of line key
kend @7 End key
kent @8 Enter/send key (unreliable)
kext @9 Exit key
kf0 k0 Function key f0
kf1 k1 Function key f1
kf10 k; Function key f10
kf11 F1 Function key f11
kf12 F2 Function key f12
kf13 F3 Function key f13
kf14 F4 Function key f14
kf15 F5 Function key f15
kf16 F6 Function key f16
kf17 F7 Function key f17
kf18 F8 Function key f18
kf19 F9 Function key f19
kf2 k2 Function key f2
kf20 FA Function key f20
kf21 FB Function key f21
kf22 FC Function key f22
kf23 FD Function key f23
kf24 FE Function key f24
kf25 FF Function key f25
kf26 FG Function key f26
kf27 FH Function key f27
kf28 FI Function key f28
kf29 FJ Function key f29
kf3 k3 Function key f3
kf30 FK Function key f30
kf31 FL Function key f31
kf32 FM Function key f32
kf33 FN Function key f13
kf34 FO Function key f34
kf35 FP Function key f35
kf36 FQ Function key f36
kf37 FR Function key f37
kf38 FS Function key f38
kf39 FT Function key f39
kf4 k4 Function key f4
kf40 FU Function key f40
kf41 FV Function key f41
kf42 FW Function key f42
kf43 FX Function key f43
kf44 FY Function key f44
kf45 FZ Function key f45
kf46 Fa Function key f46
kf47 Fb Function key f47
kf48 Fc Function key f48
kf49 Fd Function key f49
kf5 k5 Function key f5
kf50 Fe Function key f50
kf51 Ff Function key f51
kf52 Fg Function key f52
kf53 Fh Function key f53
kf54 Fi Function key f54
kf55 Fj Function key f55
kf56 Fk Function key f56
kf57 Fl Function key f57
kf58 Fm Function key f58
kf59 Fn Function key f59
kf6 k6 Function key f6
kf60 Fo Function key f60
kf61 Fp Function key f61
kf62 Fq Function key f62
kf63 Fr Function key f63
kf7 k7 Function key f7
kf8 k8 Function key f8
kf9 k9 Function key f9
kfnd @0 Find key
khlp %1 Help key
khome kh Home key
khts kT Set tab key
kich1 kI Ins char/enter ins mode key
kil1 kA Insert line key
kind kF Scroll forward/down key
kll kH Home down key
kmov %4 Move key
kmrk %2 Mark key
kmsg %3 Message key
knp kN Next page key
knxt %5 Next object key
kopn %6 Open key
kopt %7 Options key
kpp kP Previous page key
kprt %9 Print or copy key
kprv %8 Previous object key
krdo %0 Redo key
kref &1 Reference key
kres &5 Resume key
krfr &2 Refresh key
kri kR Scroll backward/up key
krmir kM rmir or smir in insert mode
krpl &3 Replace key
krst &4 Restart key
ksav &6 Save key
kslt *6 Select key
kspd &7 Suspend key
ktbc ka Clear all tabs key
kund &8 Undo key
lf0 l0 Label on function key f0 if not `f0'
lf1 l1 Label on function key f1 if not `f1'
lf10 la Label on function key f10 if not `f10'
lf2 l2 Label on function key f2 if not `f2'
lf3 l3 Label on function key f3 if not `f3'
lf4 l4 Label on function key f4 if not `f4'
lf5 l5 Label on function key f5 if not `f5'
lf6 l6 Label on function key f6 if not `f6'
lf7 l7 Label on function key f7 if not `f7'
lf8 l8 Label on function key f8 if not `f8'
lf9 l9 Label on function key f9 if not `f9'
ll ll Go to last line, first column (if no `cup')
mc0 ps Print screen contents
mc4 pf Turn printer off
mc5 po Turn printer on
mc5p pO Turn printer on for #1 bytes (P)
mgc MC Clear left and right soft margins
mrcup CM Move cursor to row #1, column #2 of memory (P)
nel nw Newline (like cr followed by lf)
pad pc Pad character (rather than nul)
pfkey pk Program function key #1 to type string #2 (P)
pfloc pl Program function key #1 to execute string #2 (P)
pfx px Program function key #1 to transmit string #2 (P)
pln pn Program label #1 to show string #2 (P)
prot mp Begin protected mode
rc rc Restore cursor to position of last `sc'
rep rp Repeat character #1, #2 times (P*)
rev mr Begin reverse video mode
rf rf Name of file containing reset string
rfi RF Send next input character (for ptys)
ri sr Scroll backward (down) one line
rin SR Scroll backward #1 lines (P)
rmacs ae End alternate character set
rmam RA Turn off automatic margins
rmcup te String to end programs that use `cup'
rmdc ed End delete mode
rmir ei End insert mode
rmkx ke End keypad transmit mode
rmln LF Turn off soft labels
rmm mo End meta mode
rmp rP Like `ip' but when in replace mode
rmso se End standout mode
rmul ue End underscore mode
rmxon RX Turn off xon/xoff handshaking
rs1 r1 Reset terminal to sane modes
rs2 r2 Reset terminal to sane modes
rs3 r3 Reset terminal to sane modes
sc sc Save cursor position
sgr sa Define video attributes #1 through #9 (P)
sgr0 me Turn off all attributes
smacs as Begin alternate character set
smam SA Turn on automatic margins
smcup ti String to begin programs that use `cup'
smdc dm Begin delete mode
smgl ML Set soft left margin to #1 (P)
smgr MR Set soft right margin to #1 (P)
smir im Begin insert mode
smkx ks Begin keypad transmit mode
smln LO Turn on soft labels
smm mm Begin meta mode (8th bit set)
smso so Begin standout mode
smul us Begin underscore mode
smxon SX Turn on xon/xoff handshaking
tbc ct Clear all tab stops
tsl ts Go to status line, column #1 (P)
uc uc Underscore one character and move past it
vpa cv Move cursor to row #1 (P)
wind wi Set window to lines #1-#2, columns #3-#4 (P)
xoffc XF xoff character
xonc XN xon character
tput displays various error messages if problems occur. In
addition, it exits with one of the following status values:
tput was given invalid arguments.
tabs: Setting Terminal Tabs
The tabs command is used to specify and set hardware tab
stops on terminals that have remotely-settable tab stops.
The tabs command is used to specify and set hardware tab
stops on terminals that have remotely-settable tab stops.
tabs [options] tab-specification
The options supported by GNU tabs are:
-T termtype
--terminal=termtype
TERM.
-V
--version
tabs and exit.
-h
--help
tabs and exit.
GNU tabs accepts the following types of tab specification:
n1[,n2,...]
-n
-code
--code=code
-C code
tabs.
--filename
--file=filename
--F filename
<: and :> on that line, find
a parameter that begins with t, and then use it as tab
specification. If any of the above steps fails, set tab stops to
every 8 columns. The second and the third formats are useful if
the name of the file conflicts with one of the long options
supportred by GNU tabs.
GNU tabs supports the following "canned" specifications:
To set tab stops for editing FORTRAN programs on
an xterm, use the following tabs command:
tabs -f --terminal=xterm
Another example: a source file of FORTRAN program may contain its own tab specification on its first line:
C <: t1,7,11,15,19,23,72 :>
Before editing this file, the tabs command can be used to set
tab stops to columns this file expects:
tabs --Sample.f
This document was generated on 7 November 1998 using the texi2html translator version 1.52.